制冷系統節能設計存在的(de)問題及完善措施
摘要：節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)對于(yu)我(wo)國現代(dai)化建設(she)來說,具(ju)有更(geng)重大的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。目前,全國各地(di)電力十分(fen)緊張,但所需(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)也(ye)在迅速增長。因此,在空(kong)調(diao)設(she)計中應注意(yi)改善圍護結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)工性能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)熱(re)(re)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)溫性能(neng)(neng)(neng);空(kong)調(diao)系(xi)統方案要節(jie)約能(neng)(neng)(neng)源,充分(fen)回收能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang),并盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)利用(yong)天然能(neng)(neng)(neng)源,同時(shi)采取(qu)自控節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)措施。在此介紹了(le)空(kong)調(diao)系(xi)統能(neng)(neng)(neng)源有效利用(yong)和(he)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)幾個主要途徑(jing)。在空(kong)調(diao)領域,舒適和(he)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)為當今建筑、設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本課題(ti),保(bao)護環(huan)境,利用(yong)自然能(neng)(neng)(neng)源,削減能(neng)(neng)(neng)源負(fu)荷,成(cheng)為今后建筑設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)方向。
隨著(zhu)我國國民經濟的發展(zhan)、人民生活(huo)水平的提高，空調技術已(yi)在國防(fang)、科研(yan)、工廠、醫院、賓館、旅館、商(shang)店、辦公樓、影(ying)劇院、住(zhu)宅等建(jian)筑中廣(guang)泛應用，從而(er)使建(jian)筑物的總能耗逐年增長(chang)。
我國的(de)(de)節約(yue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)法(fa)中(zhong)指出，節能(neng)(neng)(neng)是指加強用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)管理(li)，采取技術可(ke)行(xing)、經濟(ji)合理(li)以(yi)及環境和社會可(ke)以(yi)承擔(dan)的(de)(de)措施，減(jian)少從能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)生(sheng)產到消費(fei)各個環節巾的(de)(de)損失和浪費(fei)，更加有效、合理(li)地利(li)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。節能(neng)(neng)(neng)還包(bao)括(kuo)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)和新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)開發利(li)用(yong)。
1 暖(nuan)通(tong)空調節(jie)能(neng)的重要意義
隨著(zhu)我國建筑(zhu)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)，建筑(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)不斷(duan)增(zeng)加(jia)，建筑(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)已經占據(ju)社會(hui)總能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)27%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)，有(you)些地區已接(jie)近40%，且其總量(liang)呈逐(zhu)年(nian)上(shang)(shang)升趨勢。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)總消費量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)已從(cong)(cong)20世紀70年(nian)末(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)10%，上(shang)(shang)升到(dao)近年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)27%～48%，其中2/3為暖(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所(suo)消耗(hao)。隨著(zhu)城(cheng)市化進(jin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)快(kuai)和人民生活質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善，暖(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)得以(yi)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)暖(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)也(ye)將(jiang)進(jin)一步(bu)增(zeng)大(da)，這勢必造(zao)成(cheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供求矛(mao)盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一步(bu)激化。根(gen)據(ju)暖(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)調(diao)行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)成(cheng)果(guo)，現(xian)有(you)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)是(shi)驚人的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但如果(guo)采取相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術，使現(xian)有(you)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)20%～50%是(shi)完全可能(neng)(neng)(neng)。因此，在暖(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中考慮節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，意義十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)大(da)。空(kong)(kong)調(diao)新(xin)(xin)風(feng)(feng)問題是(shi)影響(xiang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)是(shi)否節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個方(fang)(fang)面，新(xin)(xin)風(feng)(feng)量(liang)過(guo)多會(hui)增(zeng)加(jia)其負荷(he)，進(jin)而增(zeng)加(jia)電耗(hao)，處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)風(feng)(feng)量(liang)過(guo)少(shao)則會(hui)影響(xiang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)，因此針對具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)環境(jing)做(zuo)好送風(feng)(feng)溫(wen)度和新(xin)(xin)風(feng)(feng)比例(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整非常(chang)有(you)利于(yu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。用(yong)(yong)變速(su)泵(beng)和變速(su)風(feng)(feng)機替代調(diao)節(jie)(jie)閥(fa)，減(jian)少(shao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內部消耗(hao)，提高整機效率。或(huo)者采用(yong)(yong)變流(liu)量(liang)技術，根(gen)據(ju)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)負荷(he)改(gai)變水流(liu)量(liang)或(huo)風(feng)(feng)流(liu)量(liang)，從(cong)(cong)而達(da)到(dao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)效果(guo)。盡量(liang)對空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)行優化設(she)計，在既要(yao)(yao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，又要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證室內空(kong)(kong)氣品質的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，風(feng)(feng)量(liang)可調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)置換式(shi)送風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、冷輻(fu)射吊(diao)頂系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、結合冰蓄冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)送風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、蒸發(fa)冷卻和去濕空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)及免費供冷系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等。空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)特點之一是(shi)大(da)量(liang)余熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費。從(cong)(cong)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)考慮，將(jiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中需排(pai)掉的(de)(de)(de)(de)余熱(re)移向需要(yao)(yao)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)是(shi)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)趨勢。一種(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)采用(yong)(yong)熱(re)輪回收余熱(re)，它(ta)由(you)多孔(kong)和高比熱(re)容量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料制成(cheng)，有(you)轉盤式(shi)和轉鼓式(shi)兩(liang)類結構形式(shi)。 |
